从公元2世纪开始，琉球群岛出现南山、中山、北山三国，分别在琉球群岛的南部、中部和北部。

1372年，明太祖朱元璋给琉球的中山王察度下达诏谕后，琉球的北山、中山、南山三王遂开始向明政府朝贡。从此琉球成为我国的藩属。

 1879年4月4日，日本强迫琉球国王尚泰流放到东京。把琉球改为冲绳县。并开始实行残暴的同化、奴化和殖民政策。

1882年，Shinichiro Takezoe（日本人名）在天津作为领事就职后，与清政府恢复谈判琉球问题，但是没有达成协定。琉球问题一直拖延至甲午战争。

1894~1895年，中日甲午战争，中国作为战败国割让台湾、辽东，在琉球群岛问题就更没有发言权。从此琉球群岛属于中国的领土这一事实开始被人遗忘。

1898年，日本强迫琉球人服兵役。

1916年,伪全冲绳教师大会要求教师用极其污辱的手段惩罚在学校说琉球语的学生。

1945年,二次大战后期，美国进攻琉球本岛，日本兵强迫琉球人跳崖自杀，或干脆被打死以减少山洞中缺少食物的压力，又或因为说琉球语而被认为是间谍惨遭杀害。战争使琉球人口减少四分之一。

1945~1972年，美国占领时期，美国在琉球实行异化政策.

1947年4月，《关于前日本委任统治岛屿的协定》，把属于中国的琉球群岛交给美国“托管”。

1970年，美日背着中国签定《美日旧金山和约》，拿中国的领土作交易，私相授受，把琉球连同钓鱼台的“施政权”转给日本。但这遭到土地的主人琉球人的群起反对，他们“聚哭于闹市”.

1972年5月15日~至，日本政府重新恢复对琉球群岛的殖民统治，继续实行同化政策。琉球群岛现在仍然是日本中最落后的地方，可见日本仍然视琉球人为异已。

 

琉球群岛的日语应该残余很大成分的汉语成分才对？

 

Institution: Gerhard Mercator University of Duisburg

Program: Modern Japanese Studies

Dissertation Status: Completed

Degree Date: 2002

 

Author: Patrick Heinrich

Dissertation Title: The Reception of Western Linguistics in Japan

 

Dissertation Director 1: Florian Coulmas

Dissertation Director 2: Josef Kreiner

Dissertation Abstract:

The dissertation treats about 120 years of linguistic study in Japan. It is divided into two larger parts, namely linguistics in the pre- and the post-war period. Both parts are introduced by a chapter treating the broader historical developments that have influenced and shaped Japanese linguistics. The post-war period is further subdivided into sections devoted to historical and structural linguistics on one hand, and post-structural linguistics on the other. The characterizations of Japanese linguistics as given in the dissertation are sustained with the help of empirical data on various matters such as the establishment of academic institutions, societies and journals, the total output and the content of linguistic journals and monographs, international academic exchange, the number of works written in Western languages on Japanese, and the number and content of linguistic monographs translated from Western languages into Japanese.

 

It is argued that the development of Japanese linguistics can be subdivided into three larger periods. According to this development a growing convergence between the study of linguistics in Japan and the West can be recognized:

1. from the 1890s convergence with regards to the institutional setting, academic training and publishing practices: Linguistics became fully established as an independent academic discipline relying on institutional settings and research practices adopted from the West.

 

2. from the 1930s convergence with regards of views towards the object of research: The Japanese language became to be seen as an autonomous and structured totality. The shift from a preoccupation with isolated linguistic phenomena was at first limited to theoretical considerations and only gained more influence on the concrete study of Japanese in the 1950s.

3. from the 1970s convergence with regards to the methodology: Japanese was increasingly studied along the lines of universal approaches seeking insight into language through the study of

Japanese. This resulted in an increasingly internationalized research practice based on internationally shared methodological frameworks.

 

The development towards growing convergence occurred not exclusively in a linear way but was influenced by external history. Japan had furthermore developed an indigenous school of philology (kokugaku) long before the institutionalization of the modern sciences in Japan. This gave Japanese linguists the opportunity to adhere to their own tradition of language study. This adherence had its greatest effects in the study of historical linguistics, morphology and syntax. During the period between 1930 and 1945 a general direction towards indigenous Japanese methods is perceivable on all levels of description and in all linguistic sub-disciplines of that time. Generally speaking, Western linguistics could only be firmly rooted in Japan if it did not provoke conflicts with indigenous traditions of language study. Incommensurability of linguistic approaches seems to be rooted not only in theoretical aspects but, to some extend, also in the cultural origins of the approaches themselves.

 

Current research projects

Language endangerment on the Ryûkyû Islands

Five of Japan’s nine indigenous languages are located in the Ryukyu Islands. All of the Ryukyuan languages are highly endangered. In the current research project, questionnaire surveys have been conducted for the five languages Amami-Ryukyuan, Okinawa-Ryukyuan, Miyako-Ryukyuan, Yaeyama-Ryukyuan and Yonaguni-Ryukyuan in 2005-2006. Furthermore, interviews with local language teachers, local language learners, language activists, musicians, historians, bureaucrats and film makers have been conducted. Further interviews are planned for 2007. Research results so far show that the linguistic situations differ considerably between the five languages. The language varieties of Yaeyama and Yonaguni are most severely endangered while Miyako is the most vital Ryukyuan language. Awareness of language endangerment, language attitudes and uses of hybrid language forms also differ fundamentally between the language communities. It is the aim of this research project to provide for a pioneering depiction of the linguistic situation in the Ryukyu Islands which is pivotal for planned attempts to revitalize the local languages.

Research is to be concluded by 2007. Preliminary research results are in press.

 

Post-doc (Habilitation) thesis: Language Ideology in Modern Japan

Japan’s modernization at the end of the 19th century provided for a vastly different experience from that of the West. Due to the forced opening of the country to the outside world, Japan faced the double task of establishing unity in Japan while restoring Japanese self-esteem vis-à-vis the West. Raising the Japanese language to a level equivalent to that of standardized Western national languages took more than half a century to complete. The thesis reports in detail on the creation and the effects of modern Japanese language ideology in the context of Japan’s modernization.

The structure of the thesis is largely determined by its definition of language ideology: “Language ideology studies the origin and effect of beliefs about language structure and use, as well as the way in which these beliefs are (a) promoted and (b) spread beyond the social groups whose interests they serve.” Ensuing from this definition, a broad differentiation is made between (a) language ideology brokers and (b) the linguistic margin. The first half of the book reports on the work of language modernizers who shaped the language ideological ideas into which Modern Japanese was moulded. The second half focuses on the effects of language modernization on the linguistic margin.

The thesis illustrates how language ideology always includes the emancipative and empowering background from which it emerged as well as its oppressive aspects. It depicts how language ideology shapes linguistic realities which, to come back full circle, confirms the validity of language ideology. In so doing the results presented unsettle many commonsensical beliefs about the Japanese language and elucidate the workings of language ideologies.

To be published in 2007

 

PhD Dissertation: The Reception of Western Linguistics in Japan

The thesis treats about 120 years of linguistic study in Japan. It is divided into two larger parts, linguistics in the pre- and the post-war period. Both parts are introduced by a chapter treating the broader historical developments that have influenced and shaped Japanese linguistics. The post-war period is further subdivided into sections devoted to historical and structural linguistics on one hand, and post-structural linguistics on the other. The characterizations of Japanese linguistics as given in the dissertation are sustained with the help of empirical data on various matters such as the establishment of academic institutions, societies and journals, the total output and the content of linguistic journals and monographs, international academic exchange, the number of works written in Western languages on Japanese, and the number and content of linguistic monographs translated from Western languages into Japanese.

It is argued that the development of Japanese linguistics can be subdivided into three larger periods. According to this development a growing convergence between the study of linguistics in Japan and the West can be recognized: 1. from the 1890s convergence with regards to the institutional setting, academic training and publishing practices: Linguistics became fully established as an independent academic discipline relying on institutional settings and research practices adopted from the West. 2. from the 1930s convergence with regards of views towards the object of research: The Japanese language became to be seen as an autonomous and structured totality. The shift from a preoccupation with isolated linguistic phenomena was at first limited to theoretical considerations and only gained more influence on the concrete study of Japanese in the 1950s. 3. from the 1970s convergence with regards to the methodology: Japanese was increasingly studied along the lines of universal approaches seeking insight into language through the study of Japanese. This resulted in an increasingly internationalized research practice based on internationally shared methodological frameworks.

Published as: Heinrich, Patrick (2002). Die Rezeption der westlichen Linguistik im modernen Japan bis zum Ende der Shōwa-Zeit. München Iudicium. (ISBN: 3-89129-678-9)

 

 

 

http://www.uni-due.de/japan/research_ph_en.shtml